Assessment – AQuAS Blog

How to foster an integrated health and social care centred on the individual in a local environment

14 Mar

SUSTAIN is a Horizon2020 European Project related to integrated care for older people that live at home with complex health and social needs. Thirteen initiatives from seven European projects participate in it.

It is a project whose aim is to improve a range of things including the care centred on the individual, the coordination of teams of professionals, the preventive nature of care, safety and efficiency.

In Catalonia, two initiatives (Social and Health Integration of Sabadell Nord and the Programme for complex chronic and advanced patients and the geriatric population of Osona) have participated in the design and development of projects for improvement which have been assessed by AQuAS (you can read the report and article here).

On 23^rd January, 2019, professionals involved in the groups that are the driving force of the two local initiatives (Sabadell and Osona) of integrated health and social care – family doctors, workers and social workers, nurses, geriatric and management personnel- met at AQuAS in their first joint meeting.

(SUSTAIN team Sabadell, Osona and AQuAS in Barcelona

The professionals were able to share thoughts on one question: What remains of the SUSTAIN project in the territory?

This was the starting point to identify specific actions that can make the projects sustainable and to also comment on aspects for improvement beyond the projects.

The aim was to identify opportunities within reach of the local initiatives themselves that could serve to generate a more favourable environment for integrated health and social care centred on the individual, both preventive and reactive in nature.

From the brainstorming that was done, a multitude of local actions can be derived with which to drive integrated health and social care centred on the individual. Let’s look at it in detail:

Prioritise at a population level Delimiting a population group for which it is deemed most important to apply the new PIAI method (Individualised Plan for Integrated Care), so that efforts can be concentrated on this group until the context allows for scaling up to the entire population of 65 and older. One possibility would be the older people who live at home with complex health and social needs who at present receive home-based healthcare, or for those cases known by primary healthcare but are not beneficiaries of home-based social care. This would be done in order to eliminate the barrier limiting access to social services or because there is a lack of awareness of these social service
Provide continuity in coordination between sectors, while taking into consideration the suitability of the new PIAI method for each individual case Continuing with periodic meetings of the team of professionals in charge of the multidimensional assessment of needs so as to plan an individualised and integrated health and social care (at least of the triad of primary care, family medicine-nursing-social work). These meetings, held on a monthly basis, would enable the teams to consider who, among those users visited recently (in primary care centres, at home, at local social services, at intermediary care in the case of Osona), would particularly benefit from the integrated and participative approach of SUSTAIN, with the possible introduction of changes or objectives to improve their care and their quality of life.
Inviting professionals that have not participated in SUSTAIN to use the new PIAI method, giving these professionals the necessary tools (time, training) so they can familiarise themselves with the approach of integrated health and social care centred on the individual. With this in mind, there is talk of the importance of “maintaining the spirit of SUSTAIN” and in gradually getting the most reluctant professionals more involved in introducing changes to their way of working.
Carrying out an analysis of the different capacities and responsibilities of each professional in primary care teams (family medicine-nursing-social work-social health work), and sharing out roles and responsibilities ad hoc, which can enhance the skills of each individual. This could mean that professionals who officially occupy the same position (for example, family medicine) would become specialised in one or another type of care (emergency, development of the PIAI, specific pathologies), and it would mean accepting that not all professionals with the same position need do the same: “one-size-only professionals are not needed”.
Enhancing the figure of the spokesperson in a healthcare team, both when dealing with a user as well as an internal coordinator of a team, emphasising that the user has a team with professionals that interact with each other in order to provide solutions to their different needs as quickly as possible. The emphasis is on the opportunity that workers and social workers have in acting as liaison officers between primary care, local social services and community resources while at the same time coordinating actions which are contained in the PIAI.
Analysing how the figure of the social and health worker can best fit in In the case of Sabadell, this figure has only been incorporated very recently. An analysis will need to be carried out with the entire group of professionals that intervene in care but especially with the social workers (under contract with local social services, socio-health workers or social workers specialised in intermediary care). This will be done in order to understand their capacities and perspectives of what function each professional should have bearing in mind their particularities and the specific environments in which they work (for example, specific tools and procedures they can apply, what information systems they have at their disposal or what other professionals they are in direct contact with).
Set up safe and respectful local systems with the LOPD (Spanish personal data protection law) in order to exchange the minimal information necessary to carry out a joint multidimensional assessment and to share the PAIAs among the most important professionals in each case. The example of Integrated System of Health in Osona (SISO) is mentioned, which enables primary care professionals to see which users are admitted in the hospital centres that make up the system, or the mechanism foreseen by the County Council of Osona to enable social health workers employed in health centres to consult the degree of dependency of a user.

We end this post by commenting that this week we participated in the final conference of the project in Brussels.

Representatives of the Osona SUSTAIN team, Sabadell and AQuAS in Brussels

Post written by Jillian Reynolds, Lina Masana, Nuri Cayuelas and Mireia Espallargues.

Integrated care in Europe: Change management? The ACT@Scale experience

28 Feb

The ACT@Scale project responds to the need for a deeper look into the results and conclusions that came out of the previous project, Advancing Care Coordination and Telehealth Deployment (2013-2015) and it follows the strategic lines proposed by the European Association on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA).

This new project, ACT@Scale, began in March 2016 within the framework of the Horizon 2020 programme which was financed by the European Union. The aim is on transforming health processes and the provision of services related to integrated care and telemonitoring.

How have we done all this?

Different regions in Europe, the industry and innovative academic institutions have worked in collaboration over these past few years. The Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia (AQuAS) has been one of the partners in this consortium leading the work-package Change Management, Stakeholder Management and Staff Engagement.

With 15 partners, in association, from 8 countries of the European Union and with the coordination of Phillips Healthcare we have worked collaboratively in order to consolidate and scale up the best practices identified in integrated care and telemonitoring so that they can be transferred to other European regions.

The Basque Country, The Netherlands, Scotland, Germany and Catalonia have contributed with a total of 15 programmes of integrated care, both innovative and of reference, regarding best practices in health. In particular, Catalonia has participated with five reference programmes of good practices in integrated care: Programme of Chronic Care, of the Badalona Serveis Assistencials; Nursing Homes, of MUTUAM; Frail Care for Older People, of the Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili; Complex Case Management, of the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and the Promotion of Physical Activity, also of the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona.

ACT@Scale has developed a framework of assessment based on experience, practice and evidence using the Donabedian theoretical framework. To assess the implementation of the programmes, a collaborative methodology (Plan-Do-Study-Act) has been used. Thus, in order to assess processes of implementation and scalability, research has been done within four work packages:

Service Selection, led by Kronikgune
Business Models, led by the University of Groningen
Citizen Empowerment, led by NIRE
Change and Stakeholder Management, led by AQuAS

What have we learnt in relation to Change Management, Stakeholder and Staff Engagement?

In relation to Stakeholder Management, the leaders of the programmes that completed the questionnaires agreed that participative and co-creation strategies need to be introduced to improve the quality of integrated care and to reduce the resistance of stakeholders to change, where all identified stakeholders feel part of the process.
In terms of Change Management, regarding leadership, new communication strategies need to be incorporated which should be based on a collaborative methodology so as to detect and prioritise needs, implement them and monitor and assess them within the processes of change initiated.
In terms of Staff Engagement, we can confirm that the implementation of programmes of integrated care is a dynamic process in which potential risks need to be identified and therefore, assessment and redesign need to be ongoing..

Integrated care contributes to the creation of new health scenarios, some in a state of change and others as yet unknown. These new scenarios should make us think about defining new professional profiles, new areas of expertise and identify new actors and “actresses”.

Post written by Núria Rodríguez-Valiente.

Improving the quality of healthcare in intensive care units. The PADRIS programme in the Tarragona Datathon 2018 (part two)

14 Feb

Today we continue the interview with Maria Bodí (@mariabodi23), doctor at the Intensive Medicine Service, and Josep Gómez (@JosepGomezAlvarez), doctor in Biotechnology at the Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXII, experts in clinical management and aspects of quality and safety in healthcare.

In your opinion, what are the conclusions of the so-called Real World Data studies which were carried out using real data in terms of benefits and risks related to patient safety?

Benefits? Everything. Information derived from a real healthcare environment is necessary to take decisions. Randomised clinical trials which have defined the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic interventions have served till now as a Gold Standard of the best scientific evidence. But they are very costly, and what is more, they are aimed at very selective groups of patients. Studies and analyses derived from the real world, known as Real World Data, mean it is possible to know the effectiveness and safety of interventions in groups of patients which are usually excluded from trials (pregnant women, older people, patients with many comorbidities who are the majority, etc…).

There is a series of limitations and obstacles that prevent Real World Data from substituting clinical trials. On the one hand, legal and ethical aspects and those concerning the guarantee of the quality of data. On the other, it is not possible to accept the bias that there is when not randomising Real World Data. Before taking decisions, we need to ensure that there are no confusing factors.

Real World Data complements the information obtained from clinical trials in routine clinical practice.

Some weeks ago we received the visit of Lucian Leape in Barcelona, author of the extremely famous book “To Err is Human”. We were fortunate to be able to listen to him in a talk at AQuAS – were you able to listen to him?

No, unfortunately we were not able to attend. It is a pity because we were told that it was a good review of what we have learnt in the past two decades in the field of clinical safety and that some good recommendations were made for the future.

In your opinion, what contributions did the To Err is Human report, published 20 years ago, make?

It revolutionised the field of safety. It was a paradigm shift which is still in place today.

The To Err is Human report denounced the thousands of deaths in the United States resulting from adverse events which could have been avoided! People who were dying in hospitals for reasons unrelated to the disease for which they had been admitted. The most important thing is that those events, those deaths, could have been avoided. Better training, better work organisation, knowing and analysing risks and teamwork, among other factors, have been shown to be key elements that contribute to reducing the amount of events and their severity.

What impact has the PADRIS programme had on your day to day?

In 2016, MIMIC-II was published, a huge set of de-identified data of ICU patients of the Harvard Medical School. It was created and has been maintained by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They published this dataset with the aim of democratising research. The idea is that after attending a training course on the treatment of data for research, you are certified as a practising researcher and you sign a document of usage: ultimately, to enable a researcher to have access to a large data base to carry out research. In addition, it encourages researchers to share the code (data processing methodology) that they have applied to data to obtain the results they publish. Altogether, it makes studies more transparent and repeatable which in turn increases the excellence of scientific production.

As a result of our experience in extracting data from the clinical information system to develop our management tool of the unit, we took on the challenge of generating our own data base to carry out research. Once created, we contacted the PADRIS programme so they could advise us regarding data anonymisation protocols and methodologies to get access to the programme in order to carry out research. They showed great interest in our project at all times and they helped us see it to fruition and thus the role of the PADRIS programme was decisive in making the Datathon Tarragona 2018 possible. We are in fact still in contact with them to define future strategies about how to make this data available for research projects without infringing any data protection law and how to broaden the database with data from other ICUs in the Catalan territory.

If you could make a recommendation to other researchers who wish to do research, what would it be?

We recommend they collaborate with experts in other fields, especially those related to data and statistical technology. We are now reaching a level of sophistication and volume of data that obliges us to work in multidisciplinary teams in order to make the most of data and to understand it the best we can. The datathons are a great example of this; the role of the clinician is decisive in defining aims and in validating the results that appear when cutting edge algorithms are applied by data scientists. At the same time, the role of data scientists is also decisive when suggesting and applying complex methodologies which are far removed from traditional statistics applied within a clinical context.

What professional challenge would you like to succeed with in 2019?

The ultimate professional challenge for 2019 is the same as each year: improving the care given to patients which are admitted to an ICU. To achieve this, we have some very specific challenges in our unit. On the one hand, to continue developing our tool to exploit data which enables us to analyse processes and the results obtained in our day to day and in this way become aware of where we need to place our attention to make improvements. On the other hand, taking advantage of the secondary use of data to carry out research and to generate algorithms for automatic learning which are able to help a doctor take the most accurate and appropriate decisions based on the profile of each disease.

(You can read the first part of this interview here)

Improving the quality of healthcare in Intensive Care Units. The PADRIS programme in the Tarragona Datathon 2018 (part one)

7 Feb

Last November, the AQuAS played an important role by means of the PADRIS programme in the Critical Care Data analysis Summit and Tarragona Datathon 2018. Talking about it has been in the pipeline since then.

The PADRIS programme contributes to the improvement of people’s health by making anonymised health information available for re-use by researchers in Catalan research centres, in compliance with the current legal framework and established principles.

Is this seen in practice based on a professional’s experience?

Today we interview Maria Bodi (@mariabodi23), doctor of the Intensive Care Medicine service in the Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXII, expert in clinical management and aspects of quality and safety in healthcare. Like many health professionals, she combines healthcare practice with research.

What is your day to day like?

As head of the Intensive Care Medicine Service at the hospital, in my day to day my basic task focuses on managing the service and organising the care for critical patients by coordinating the work of the professionals involved. More than 150 people work in the service including medical professionals (specialists in intensive medicine, resident intern doctors), nurses, nurse aids, ancillary staff, physiotherapists and secretaries. In addition, it is a service which participates and collaborates in the teaching of medical, nursing and physiotherapy degrees or certifications.

I try to facilitate the participation of professionals in the strategy of the service. This requires articulating and coordinating all efforts made with a clear objective in mind, which is providing quality care to our patients. To a greater or lesser degree, it is necessary to encourage and coordinate the participation of professionals in care-giving, management, teaching and research. This will guarantee the commitment of a worker in the service’s strategy and its organisation.

If we focus on medical professionals, each member of the team is in charge of a specific area of our speciality and we therefore provide ongoing training for the entire team, assess results and commit ourselves to carrying out actions which derive from the analysis of our results.

What do you think about the format that was used for the Datathon?

The Datathon was the result of a series of developments over recent years within the field of secondary use of data in patients’ clinical records for management and for research at a top level. The experience was very good. Pure science, with doctors, technicians and technology all at the service of real-life data analysis in order to find the best scientific evidence.

In the last three years, our group has delved deeper into the study of data and also into the assessment of the quality and safety of data for secondary use. Our progress has allowed us to collaborate with other leading teams such as the team of Dr Leo Celi of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with whom we organised this event.

In your opinion, how can the quality of care be improved in intensive care units?

We have to aim for excellence. We need to tackle all the dimensions regarding quality of care. We need to improve effectiveness, safety and efficiency. But when talking about good and efficient results, we are not referring to the number of actions done at a particular cost. We are talking about bringing value to the patient, to the work team, the organisation, the health system and society. How is this achieved?

Our team has worked on developing a methodology which enables us to have automatic indicators of quality. This has been possible because all of a patient’s bedside devices (mechanical ventilation, monitoring, dialysis machines, etc.… ) are connected to the system of clinical information and this information, from the hospital’s clinical records, from laboratories and imaging tests, is integrated. This information is incorporated by professionals in an ordered manner.

By means of these indicators designed with innovative technology, it is possible to assess the processes of care and their results. If the professional participates in the design of a process of care, in its planning, and knows how things are being done and what results there are, they get involved and commit themselves to the aims of the service and the organisation.

Likewise, one needs to move from a reactive to predictive medicine, preventive and personalised. We have data with which to start working along these lines. Nevertheless, the scale and complexity of this data makes it difficult for methods of artificial intelligence to easily translate it into relevant clinical models. The application of cutting-edge predictive methods and data manipulation require collaborative skills between professionals who are medical and technology experts, as well as new models in the treatment and analysis of data.

We have read that it is possible to assess risk in an intensive care unit in real time. It seems difficult to imagine this. What can you tell us about it?

It can indeed. We work on the assumption that we have access to the data stored from all patients that have been admitted to an ICU, or in more than one ICU. If the combination of a group of variables (demographic, clinical, laboratory results) leads to a complication or an adverse event, a trained computer model using this data can predict the risk of the same complication or event occurring if it detects the combination of this group of variables. This is the basis of predictive medicine.

Understood, but in practical terms, what is purpose of assessing the possibility of a risk?

It can range anywhere from analysing a risk or predicting the appearance of a complication in the course of a disease, a problem of safety, an adverse event, the need for or an increase in dosage of a specific drug, to a specific therapy. It can predict the probability of an improvement or worsening and even the risk of death for a patient as a result of their disease.

Medicine already has calculators to assess a risk of death due to a disease based on data bases created by professionals using manual registers. But these days, with the automation of data registration- an example of this being the Clinical Information Systems in our ICUs – today’s methodology based on big data and artificial intelligence allows us to have much more detail when assessing risks.

When there is talk of moving towards a health model based on value, what does this mean exactly?

It is about organising work around the specific conditions of a patient which optimises their cure. It is a question of paying organisations and hospitals for the value they bring. Their results and their costs are the key components of the value which a health system and its professionals offer patients. But if we are talking about results, we are not only interested in whether a patient survives the ICU or not. Results are measured in terms of quality, their capacity of going back to their normal lives, their jobs, etc…

Therefore, to push efforts for improvement, we need to base ourselves on multidisciplinary work and a health model based on value; this means changing an organisation’s business model and investing in systems of measurement, analysis of clinical results and costs.

What importance do you attribute to the fact that data is obtained automatically and not manually?

It means data can be analysed using one source only, errors are minimised and a professional’s time is not required for the task of inputting the data.

How is the data included automatically?

In the ICU, clinical information systems now enable all information to be integrated. Apart from the data which professionals input in an ordered manner during the process of care of a critical patient, laboratory results, imaging tests, clinical records and the data from all a patient’s bedside devices are integrated too (mechanical ventilation, monitoring, dialysis machines, etc…).

What does “secondary use of data” mean?

Primary use is that which is used on a day to day basis, at the patient’s bedside, to take decisions relating to diagnosis, treatment and the planning of the process of care. For example, a decision is made whether to increase the dosage of a drug based on laboratory results.

We talk about secondary use when we refer to using data for management or for research. Obviously, the end aim is still the improvement of care for a patient.

(To be continued …)

Shall we go an extra mile? The IMIM and IDIBELL place the patient at the centre of research

24 Jan

Research impact assessment studies show that to achieve more impact on society the participation of ‘people that can provide value’ is an important factor. What these studies show us is that making key actors participate in the long process of research can improve the efficacy of its application and its impact on society. In the conference which AQuAS organised on Participation in Research last April 4, Derek Stewart, very much involved in Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement at the NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, told us that participation provides different perspectives to research. In addition, Derek Stewart explained that “while patients have the opportunity to configure the future and make sense of what is happening to them in their day to day, researchers have the opportunity to legitimate what they do and make their results visible.”

So what have we learnt from all this? Firstly, that there is diversity of participation in research with a wide range of ways of interaction that are inserted in the different levels of the research process. Secondly, that despite individual idiosyncrasies, a global and shared approach is needed to avoid contradictions and to take advantage of mutual learning. Thirdly, that a commitment is needed on the part of all the different institutions and the research community in order to favour participation in research and to have an impact on society. This is why a Work Group on Participation in Research has been created, (#SomRecerca). Under the initial coordination of AQuAS, different health research institutions have come together to promote actions, agents or strategies that facilitate participation and that foster more awareness of the research community. The principles that accompany this group are based on mutual support and the acceptance that diversity and different realities exist within each context.

The first step taken by this group has been to hold conferences in two institutions (IMIM and IDIBELL), last 22 and 23 of January, under the title Shall we go one step further? Placing the patient at the centre of research. These conferences have been a good opportunity to present experiences that were already on the go within the institution itself which place the patient at the centre of research.

The conferences have made the different experiences stemming from individual motivations worthwhile, of researchers or users themselves, and they have been inspirational as examples of where one can start. The patient has been placed at the centre of research in these experiences: to obtain resources, to generate ideas, to prioritise research or to be a part of the research team, among others.

And more specifically, actions have been proposed that help develop the participation of patients which provides value in research:

Informing patients of the research that is being carried out in institutions; that is, bringing research closer to citizens
Communicative skills of the researcher towards a non-scientific audience
Effective communication channels between patients and researchers, be they via an associative network or via other activities or means of communication such as conferences with patients, etc…
Support for all those involved in participation: of recruitment, of time, of resources, between researchers or with a guide.
Stable work groups that include the participation of different profiles (basic and clinical researchers, assistants, managers and patients) so as to identify needs, come up with ideas or make proposals, for example.

In short, the synergies between patients and researchers must be sought out in those cases where value can be provided. It is not always and easy path but one which makes a whole lot of sense.

Post written by Maite Solans Domènech.

Implementation Science and new HTA regulation: two very different subjects

31 Oct

The implementation of improvements, changes in procedures, the introduction of good practices in specific health contexts and the new regulation regarding the assessment of health technologies, respectively, are subjects on the agenda at the AQuAS. Today, we will look at them in broad terms and in the future we will delve into them in more detail from this space.

To learn more about “implementation science” or “research implementation” we held a workshop at the headquarters of AQuAS with Laura J. Damschroder, an expert consultant in implementation science and researcher in the United States.

From her talk we highlight the idea of building collective knowledge and identifying the barriers and facilitators in implementation, the time factor and the value of assessment.

It is also important to know the theoretical and conceptual framework of implementation and the “basics” of implementation science which is useful for any project being implemented, as is designing and following an adequate plan of action.

The workshop proceeded by looking at different examples of the implementation of good practices in the context of REDISSEC, the Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network.

It all stems from the annual meeting of this network held in Madrid last week at the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, in which the idea of organising this workshop was put forward in order to bring some of the contents of the meeting closer to the Catalan context, with the participation of the AQuAS, the Hospital del Mar, and the Fundació Avedis Donabedian.

In terms of the AQuAS, three talks were given on projects in which implementation research is being done, with a different perspective in each case:

Quality standards in implementation by Vicky Serra-Sutton from the European project on dementia Act on Dementia Joint Action. The AQuAS team involved in this project was in fact given a mention this week at the Alzheimer Europe Conference which was held in Barcelona
The transfer of good practices and impact assessment by Elisa Poses-Ferrer from the European Project CHRODIS PLUS on chronicity
The assessment of projects for improvement in integrated care by Jillian Reynolds from the European project SUSTAIN on integrated care for older people.

Regarding the Hospital del Mar, we heard a talk by Maria Sala on the personalisation of screening for breast cancer and regarding the Fundació Avedis Donabedian, we heard a talk by Carola Orrego and Marta Ballester, who brought reflections on aspects of improvement and lessons learnt in implementation.

This workshop was a good opportunity for speakers and attendees to share experiences and knowledge.

Moving on to the second subject.

In terms of the new European HTA regulation, which is in its final stages of discussion in the European Parliament, Iñaki Imaz, from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in Madrid gave a seminar which we were able to follow live at the AQuAS.

It was very interesting for many reasons. Situations were contextualised that justify the need for health technology assessment (HTA) as a starting point, which is always present in our context.

The emphasis was also placed on the complexity of assessment and the different possible scenarios (or levels). On the other hand, aspects being discussed regarding the proposal for legislation which would allow for, among other objectives, joint clinical assessment at a European level, were commented on in detail.

The seminar can be found on the following link:

Imaz I. The future of health technology assessment in Europe. Regarding the proposal for regulation passed by the European Parliament. Madrid: Agency for Health Technology Assessment. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 30 November, 2018.

Talking about HTA in Europe, a lot has been done (more than 30 assessments available within the framework of EUnetHTA), there is work in progress and, above all, there is the desire for all to gain in terms of confidence, guarantees, transparency and the sustainability of health systems. What is especially sought after is to avoid duplicities and to share knowledge and methodologies.

We will keep track of all these subjects.

“Me sube la melatonina”

28 Jun

Well, let’s say that in Juan Luis Guerra’s merengue song (1990), it was bilirubin that was on the rise:

Me sube la bilirrubina
¡Ay! Me sube la bilirrubina
Cuando te miro y no me miras
¡Ay! Cuando te miro y no me miras
Y no lo quita la aspirina
¡No! Ni un suero con penicilina
Es un amor que contamina
¡Ay! Me sube la bilirrubina

It is evident that it is something difficult to treat, but who cares, it could also have been serotonin, dopamine or noradrenaline. After all, love alters everything and things would rhyme just the same. Whatever the case, if there is one thing that should best be avoided, it is a rise in bilirubin, because one can end up jaundiced or, as they said in the past, with an excess of bile.

What is true is that melatonin starts increasing in all of us when it begins to get dark, before going to sleep, following a circadian rhythm set by our hypothalamic biological clock. The pineal gland, where Descartes thought there was a connection between the mind and the body, where he placed the soul, segregates this hormone that induces sleep and thus, works better when restful sleep eludes us, that is, when there is a delay in the onset of sleep.

New physiological actions of this hormone are discovered every day which means that it almost acquires the quality of a “miraculous molecule” due to its ubiquity and the number of activities in which it takes part (antioxidant, neuro-protector, anti-cancerous, immunomodulation, etc..).

Melatonin, which is mostly obtained synthetically, is marketed as a drug (prolonged-release tablets of 2 mg) and as a nutritional or dietary supplement (doses of less than 2 mg). This difference, we are talking about 0.02 mg, is in itself a little surprising and even more so bearing in mind that there is only one drug with melatonin but on the other hand, there are numerous supplements that contain melatonin (on its own or in combination with other products). The requirements, in one case or another, are very different. While there are countries in which melatonin is marketed on its own or as dietary supplements, in others it is only found as a drug which requires a doctor’s prescription, and in Europe both situations exist. In Spain, a medical prescription is needed but it is not a publicly funded drug and as a supplement, as mentioned before, there is a wide range of products.

As a drug, it is authorised by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in people aged 55 or over and in treating primary insomnia for a limited period of time. The EMA considers that melatonin is effective albeit with a small effect size in a small fraction of the population but with a more favourable safety profile than other hypnotic drugs.

It is known that as one gets older the secretion of this hormone decreases and yet all clinical practice guidelines or recommendations in the approach to insomnia primarily advise sleep hygiene measures followed psychological interventions. Nevertheless, the data of pharmacological consumption shows an increase in prescriptions of hypnotic drugs and sedatives, especially those derived or related to benzodiazepines.

The EMA has asked for more studies on melatonin at a paediatric level despite the fact that there is data which seems favourable in children with an attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or with autistic spectrum disorder where sleep hygiene and psychological interventions have failed.

The report “Exogenous melatonin in the treatment of sleep disorders: efficacy and safety” drawn up by the AQuAS talks of these and other related subjects, mentioning the wide range of para-pharmaceutical products that contain melatonin.

As a dietary supplement or a drug, there are unequal demands by regulatory agencies in Europe (food safety, drugs) in terms of its authorisation for marketing. It is a known fact that the variability in the quality of a product, its formulation, dosage and combinations in supplements and so on, in part explain the heterogeneity between studies observed in some meta-analyses, also contained in the report.

Post written by Joan MV Pons.

RITMOCORE: person centred public procurement

24 May

The need to place the patient at the centre of the model of care is widely accepted and is thus reflected in the Health Plan. Meeting this need is a substantial improvement in services and involves changes in the way these services are provided and that is precisely what innovation is all about.

What is needed, therefore, is to ask ourselves what instruments we have to incorporate innovation in public services and facilitate this change of model.

The RITMOCORE project, coordinated by the AQuAS, is in fact a public procurement of innovation initiative which aims to incorporate innovation in the provision of services to patients which carry or need a pacemaker. The end aim is to achieve care of higher quality, more personalised and ultimately, of more value for those patients who have been fitted with a pacemaker.

Public procurement has revealed itself to be a lever for change regarding the model of provision and organisation of health services and of the relationship with providers. This is why the AQuAS has driven several initiatives at a Catalan and European level in this area, such as numerous European projects or the recent call by CatSalut for PPI projects.

Catalan hospitals (Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Mútua Terrassa and the Hospital Sant Pau) and English hospitals (Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital and Countess of Chester Hospital) have undertaken a joint bid under the clinical and administrative leadership of Hospital Sant Pau, and coordinated by AQuAS which will be published at the end of 2018. This bid will make it possible to contract a service that will make the tracking of all patients with pacemakers effective and stimulate their activation, and it will enable the selection of the most appropriate devices for each patient, promote the coordination between levels of healthcare and permit the management of change of the ICTs that are needed: an integral service in line with what the health plan requires.

This inspiring project provides a practical approach to everything regarding the key issues in re-orienting the model of care. It forces us to deal with the constraints of the regulatory framework of public procurement and make continual assessments of risk, but above all, RITMOCORE forces us to manage the complexity of multidisciplinary environments (medicine, nursing, contracting, finances, etc…) that provide a very enriching opportunity and a challenge at the same time.

Complexity is inevitably a source of innovation. Providing ourselves with the instruments to exploit all the potential in favour of the care of people is our responsibility. Society, the healthcare environment and collaboration with the private sector are highly complex realities which offer the opportunity to generate, adopt and spread innovation.

Post written by Marcel Olivé Elias.

Health and poverty are hereditary: can we remedy this?

17 May

In recent years, child poverty has increased in Catalonia as a result of the economic crisis. According to the 2016 figures from the Idescat, the latest figures available, and from 2009, children are the group most at risk of poverty, more than the adult population and also more than the 65-year-old or older population group.

“Child health and poverty. What can we learn from the data?” was the title of the conference held within the framework of the Celebration of the 2018 World Health Day.

Data from the latest report related to children and the effects of the crisis on the health of the population were highlighted at the conference, published by the Observatory of the Health System of Catalonia: children with a lower socio-economic level present up to 5 times more morbidity, consume more pharmaceutical drugs (three times more psychotropic drugs) than the remainder of the child population, visit mental health centres more frequently (5.9% of girls and 11.4% of boys as opposed to 1.3% and 2.2% in girls and boys with a higher socio-economic level) and are admitted more to hospitals (45 girls and 58 boys for every 1000 as opposed to 13 and 26, respectively) especially for psychiatric reasons.

A child’s health largely depends on the economy of their parents and those that belong to families with a lower socio-economic level have more health problems, a fact that can have disastrous consequences in other areas such as education and social life and which condition their future. This fact is exacerbated in the case of children with special needs or chronic diseases where their health suffers even more from the effects of poverty because in some cases their care requires specific products which families cannot afford.

This is one of the problems that we are facing right now. There is growing scientific evidence, both in biology and in social sciences, of the importance of the early years in life (including exposure in the womb) in the development of the capacities that stimulate personal well-being throughout the life cycle. Childhood is also a structural transmitter of inequalities, both from a health and socio-economic point of view. If nothing is done, boys and girls who belong to families with few resources run the risk of growing up into adults with worse health and a lower educational and socio-economic level than others.

What can we do? We can of course strengthen the social welfare state, with structural and institutional reforms which are more than ever necessary. Educational policy is fundamental, especially by reinforcing primary education, guaranteeing equal opportunities and putting the spotlight on those children in a disadvantaged situation. Once they are adult, active labour policies are also needed. And from health policies, despite their eminently palliative nature, primary and community care is particularly important as is guaranteeing care to all children.

Post written by Anna García-Altés (@annagaal).

Nurses in Barcelona adopt the culture of dialogue to define their professional future

5 Apr

Asking ourselves questions, reformulating questions, rethinking the way we want to be, what we need and how we want society to know and see us. This is, without doubt, a difficult exercise to carry out as individuals but it is even more difficult to do this as a profession.

Agreeing with each other is by no means easy. Training, method and a desire to do so is needed. Having these premises clear, we initiated the RESET project at the Official College of nurses of Barcelona (COIB).

Guided by the company Diàlegs, specialised in mediation in health, we initiated an unprecedented process of participation in the nursing profession during which we went out into the territory to find out what the concerns, needs, wishes, complaints and proposals of nurses in the province of Barcelona were.

The process lasted the whole of 2017, after which our corporation was given the commission to develop the strategic lines on which the college members of Barcelona want us to work along with thousands of ideas that they would like to process.

The difficulty of the project was considerable. Apart from the geographical distances that existed and the difficulties in getting nurses involved, there was the added difficulty of coming up with a dynamic that had to be participative so as to facilitate environments of conversation, discussion and consensus among the hundreds of female and male nurses who have different professional realities and therefore varying priorities.

The Diàlegs company took on the challenge of making it possible by means of a process lasting 12 months during which participative methodologies were used to define the profession as it is today and that of the desired future. The framework for the project was based on the principles, values and methodologies of mediation, which led to a broad and necessarily inclusive view of the differences and susceptibilities of the nursing community.

The RESET project was carried out in three different stages: in the first stage, open debates were set up in circles of group discussion. The circles enabled a comprehensive collection of very valuable data which formed the basis on which to develop the following stages that consisted of two days of consensus: one to agree on the diagnosis of the situation the profession finds itself in now and another to define the future, with the aims and lines of action to be developed.

As a result of these three stages of the RESET project, 52 group discussion circles with 925 participants were set up, that is, with people who participated one or more times. 3,762 ideas were collected as well as some proposals for the future, with nine thematic areas and 65 lines of action decided on by agreement. The level of satisfaction was very high and the participants showed a high level of interest in continuing in the project, repeating participations in the three stages.

It must be said that the key to the success of the process was the large number of people that committed themselves to the project right from the start. We are referring to what we called the Driving Group made up of 208 people (with representatives from all over the territory, all positions and susceptibilities) who worked from the start both in the co-design of specific aspects as well as in the diffusion, organisation of group discussion circles and participation in the events for consensus.

Beyond the results of the RESET project, which are, in the end, a commitment to change with implications for the upcoming years, we still have much to learn and this can no doubt be extrapolated to the professional disciplines in health in which we are organised through colleges. We need to continue asking ourselves questions both in and out of the college organisations to positively drive change and development in all the aspects which bring us together as professionals. Continuity in the culture of dialogue is one of the most important challenges that came out of this fascinating process. This was the message that the nurses who worked in the Reset Project gave us. Therefore, from the COIB, this is our commitment.

Post written by Núria Cuxart Ainaud, director of programmes at the COIB, and Glòria Novel Martí, founding director of Diàlegs.