A few days ago, Anna Garcia-Altés in a previous post referred to the Nobel Prize in Economics, which Alfred Nobel never granted – that was awarded in 2015 to Angus Deaton and his work on inequality. This is not the subject that I wish to talk about today but another that also features in the recent book from this Nobel proze winner which is titled “The Great Escape” (The Great Escape). Yes, just like the movie, set in a German camp for prisoners of war starring Steve McQueen and recalling a real fact of World War II. Unlike reality, the book predicts a better ending. For Deaton, the greatest escape in human history was in overcoming poverty and ageing.
For centuries, those who did not die at a young age could face years of misery. Beginning in period called the Enlightenment, with its scientific revolution and subsequent later industrial revolution, some people in certain countries began to escape this meagre fate.
Meanwhile, germ theories founded in the late nineteenth century surpassed the paradigm of the miasma theory in explaining contagious diseases. The key was and still is scientific knowledge and its dissemination. This point in history marks the extraordinary increase in life expectancy, initially for the better-off and then for the rest of the population.
This higher life expectancy, manifested especially in the developed countries, is largely due to the remarkable reduction in infant mortality and, more recently, to the epidemiological transition to chronic non-contagious diseases, the improvement in life expectancy in adulthood (increased life expectancy ≥ 50 years from 1950), but without a substantial improvement in longevity. Deaton shows us all this with data and graphics.
To illustrate it, Deaton mentions the progress in combating smallpox with a vaccination of smallpox (initially using matter from infected people and later the much safer vaccine Edward Jenner introduced in 1799). The public health measures introduced in the last few hundred years, including sanitation, water supply, nutrition and better hygiene, have led to a significant reduction in infant mortality.
Here, it was due to not only the knowledge but also the determination of the authorities in improving the conditions of the population. The improvement in life expectancy in adulthood is explained largely by reducing cardiovascular mortality through diagnostic and therapeutic advances in this field.
As mentioned before, we witnessed not only increased life expectancy but also a significant increase in the world population, an authentic explosion starting in the second half of the twentieth century. Malthusian alarms re-emerged but they were fortunately overcome by improvements in agricultural productivity, without excluding initiatives – for better or worse – for controlling the birth rate in developing countries; again, examples of scientific knowledge and its dissemination.
Deaton is very critical about the operating methods in which help flows from developed countries to developing countries. From the times of imperialism and colonization where (natural) resources were moved from poor countries to rich ones (Nineteenth century) and since the end of World War II we’ve also seen a flow of resources from developed countries to developing countries.
This external help, whether from governmental or NGO sources and despite the illusion that might it create if it continues as usual, may end up doing more harm than good. There’s no shortage of examples in the book of wasted resources by governments and corrupt politicians, granting donations or grants to countries (government to government) without these ever reaching the people. Not to mention situations where these grants are part of the geopolitics of the former colonies or contemporary powers.
Contrary to what an engineered hydraulic vision (communicating vessels) may show, we must invest in projects and programs that promote conditions for economic development to make external aid unnecessary, as is the reality in Africa, where paradoxically, the more external help yields the least growth in GDP per capita.
Health aid, without underestimating its achievements (vaccination campaigns, infrastructure construction, drugs against HIV / AIDS, mosquito nets), continues to be in most cases, vertical health programs with a very specific focus. This contrasts with the horizontal programs aimed at strengthening local health care systems, especially a good network of primary and community care.
Often foreign aid and the development of local capacity are not aligned; on the contrary, often one damages the other. Rich countries’ subsidies to their agriculture – consider the famous European PAC – is detrimental to farmers in poor countries where most of the workforce still works the land. There are more effective ways to help.
(It notes that another Nobel laureate in economics, Robert Fogel (1926-2013), had already written about the great escape in “The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100” (2004), Deaton and had revised appointment. Thank Anna Garcia-Altés to call me about this)
